mirror of
https://github.com/c9s/bbgo.git
synced 2024-11-10 09:11:55 +00:00
Merge pull request #1492 from c9s/edwin/okx/refactor-tickers
FEATURE: [okx] generate ticker request by requestgen
This commit is contained in:
commit
c2e3fed6d3
|
@ -24,7 +24,9 @@ var (
|
|||
marketDataLimiter = rate.NewLimiter(rate.Every(100*time.Millisecond), 5)
|
||||
orderRateLimiter = rate.NewLimiter(rate.Every(300*time.Millisecond), 5)
|
||||
|
||||
queryMarketLimiter = rate.NewLimiter(rate.Every(100*time.Millisecond), 10)
|
||||
queryMarketLimiter = rate.NewLimiter(rate.Every(100*time.Millisecond), 10)
|
||||
queryTickerLimiter = rate.NewLimiter(rate.Every(100*time.Millisecond), 10)
|
||||
queryTickersLimiter = rate.NewLimiter(rate.Every(100*time.Millisecond), 10)
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
const ID = "okex"
|
||||
|
@ -112,18 +114,29 @@ func (e *Exchange) QueryMarkets(ctx context.Context) (types.MarketMap, error) {
|
|||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func (e *Exchange) QueryTicker(ctx context.Context, symbol string) (*types.Ticker, error) {
|
||||
symbol = toLocalSymbol(symbol)
|
||||
if err := queryTickerLimiter.Wait(ctx); err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, fmt.Errorf("ticker rate limiter wait error: %w", err)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
marketTicker, err := e.client.MarketTicker(ctx, symbol)
|
||||
symbol = toLocalSymbol(symbol)
|
||||
marketTicker, err := e.client.NewGetTickerRequest().InstId(symbol).Do(ctx)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return toGlobalTicker(*marketTicker), nil
|
||||
if len(marketTicker) != 1 {
|
||||
return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected length of %s market ticker, got: %v", symbol, marketTicker)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return toGlobalTicker(marketTicker[0]), nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func (e *Exchange) QueryTickers(ctx context.Context, symbols ...string) (map[string]types.Ticker, error) {
|
||||
marketTickers, err := e.client.MarketTickers(ctx, okexapi.InstrumentTypeSpot)
|
||||
if err := queryTickersLimiter.Wait(ctx); err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, fmt.Errorf("tickers rate limiter wait error: %w", err)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
marketTickers, err := e.client.NewGetTickersRequest().Do(ctx)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
|
|||
"crypto/sha256"
|
||||
"encoding/base64"
|
||||
"encoding/json"
|
||||
"fmt"
|
||||
"net/http"
|
||||
"net/url"
|
||||
"strings"
|
||||
|
@ -273,90 +272,6 @@ func (c *RestClient) AssetCurrencies(ctx context.Context) ([]AssetCurrency, erro
|
|||
return currencyResponse.Data, nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type MarketTicker struct {
|
||||
InstrumentType string `json:"instType"`
|
||||
InstrumentID string `json:"instId"`
|
||||
|
||||
// last traded price
|
||||
Last fixedpoint.Value `json:"last"`
|
||||
|
||||
// last traded size
|
||||
LastSize fixedpoint.Value `json:"lastSz"`
|
||||
|
||||
AskPrice fixedpoint.Value `json:"askPx"`
|
||||
AskSize fixedpoint.Value `json:"askSz"`
|
||||
|
||||
BidPrice fixedpoint.Value `json:"bidPx"`
|
||||
BidSize fixedpoint.Value `json:"bidSz"`
|
||||
|
||||
Open24H fixedpoint.Value `json:"open24h"`
|
||||
High24H fixedpoint.Value `json:"high24H"`
|
||||
Low24H fixedpoint.Value `json:"low24H"`
|
||||
Volume24H fixedpoint.Value `json:"vol24h"`
|
||||
VolumeCurrency24H fixedpoint.Value `json:"volCcy24h"`
|
||||
|
||||
// Millisecond timestamp
|
||||
Timestamp types.MillisecondTimestamp `json:"ts"`
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func (c *RestClient) MarketTicker(ctx context.Context, instId string) (*MarketTicker, error) {
|
||||
// SPOT, SWAP, FUTURES, OPTION
|
||||
var params = url.Values{}
|
||||
params.Add("instId", instId)
|
||||
|
||||
req, err := c.NewRequest(ctx, "GET", "/api/v5/market/ticker", params, nil)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
response, err := c.SendRequest(req)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
var tickerResponse struct {
|
||||
Code string `json:"code"`
|
||||
Message string `json:"msg"`
|
||||
Data []MarketTicker `json:"data"`
|
||||
}
|
||||
if err := response.DecodeJSON(&tickerResponse); err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
if len(tickerResponse.Data) == 0 {
|
||||
return nil, fmt.Errorf("ticker of %s not found", instId)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return &tickerResponse.Data[0], nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func (c *RestClient) MarketTickers(ctx context.Context, instType InstrumentType) ([]MarketTicker, error) {
|
||||
// SPOT, SWAP, FUTURES, OPTION
|
||||
var params = url.Values{}
|
||||
params.Add("instType", string(instType))
|
||||
|
||||
req, err := c.NewRequest(ctx, "GET", "/api/v5/market/tickers", params, nil)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
response, err := c.SendRequest(req)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
var tickerResponse struct {
|
||||
Code string `json:"code"`
|
||||
Message string `json:"msg"`
|
||||
Data []MarketTicker `json:"data"`
|
||||
}
|
||||
if err := response.DecodeJSON(&tickerResponse); err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return tickerResponse.Data, nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func Sign(payload string, secret string) string {
|
||||
var sig = hmac.New(sha256.New, []byte(secret))
|
||||
_, err := sig.Write([]byte(payload))
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -38,6 +38,28 @@ func TestClient_GetInstrumentsRequest(t *testing.T) {
|
|||
t.Logf("instruments: %+v", instruments)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func TestClient_GetMarketTickers(t *testing.T) {
|
||||
client := NewClient()
|
||||
ctx := context.Background()
|
||||
req := client.NewGetTickersRequest()
|
||||
|
||||
tickers, err := req.Do(ctx)
|
||||
assert.NoError(t, err)
|
||||
assert.NotEmpty(t, tickers)
|
||||
t.Logf("tickers: %+v", tickers)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func TestClient_GetMarketTicker(t *testing.T) {
|
||||
client := NewClient()
|
||||
ctx := context.Background()
|
||||
req := client.NewGetTickerRequest().InstId("BTC-USDT")
|
||||
|
||||
tickers, err := req.Do(ctx)
|
||||
assert.NoError(t, err)
|
||||
assert.NotEmpty(t, tickers)
|
||||
t.Logf("tickers: %+v", tickers)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func TestClient_GetFundingRateRequest(t *testing.T) {
|
||||
client := NewClient()
|
||||
ctx := context.Background()
|
||||
|
|
21
pkg/exchange/okex/okexapi/get_ticker_request.go
Normal file
21
pkg/exchange/okex/okexapi/get_ticker_request.go
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
|||
package okexapi
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"github.com/c9s/requestgen"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
//go:generate -command GetRequest requestgen -method GET -responseType .APIResponse -responseDataField Data
|
||||
//go:generate -command PostRequest requestgen -method POST -responseType .APIResponse -responseDataField Data
|
||||
|
||||
//go:generate GetRequest -url "/api/v5/market/ticker" -type GetTickerRequest -responseDataType []MarketTicker
|
||||
type GetTickerRequest struct {
|
||||
client requestgen.APIClient
|
||||
|
||||
instId string `param:"instId,query"`
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func (c *RestClient) NewGetTickerRequest() *GetTickerRequest {
|
||||
return &GetTickerRequest{
|
||||
client: c,
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
170
pkg/exchange/okex/okexapi/get_ticker_request_requestgen.go
Normal file
170
pkg/exchange/okex/okexapi/get_ticker_request_requestgen.go
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
|
|||
// Code generated by "requestgen -method GET -responseType .APIResponse -responseDataField Data -url /api/v5/market/ticker -type GetTickerRequest -responseDataType []MarketTicker"; DO NOT EDIT.
|
||||
|
||||
package okexapi
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"context"
|
||||
"encoding/json"
|
||||
"fmt"
|
||||
"net/url"
|
||||
"reflect"
|
||||
"regexp"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
func (g *GetTickerRequest) InstId(instId string) *GetTickerRequest {
|
||||
g.instId = instId
|
||||
return g
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// GetQueryParameters builds and checks the query parameters and returns url.Values
|
||||
func (g *GetTickerRequest) GetQueryParameters() (url.Values, error) {
|
||||
var params = map[string]interface{}{}
|
||||
// check instId field -> json key instId
|
||||
instId := g.instId
|
||||
|
||||
// assign parameter of instId
|
||||
params["instId"] = instId
|
||||
|
||||
query := url.Values{}
|
||||
for _k, _v := range params {
|
||||
query.Add(_k, fmt.Sprintf("%v", _v))
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return query, nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// GetParameters builds and checks the parameters and return the result in a map object
|
||||
func (g *GetTickerRequest) GetParameters() (map[string]interface{}, error) {
|
||||
var params = map[string]interface{}{}
|
||||
|
||||
return params, nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// GetParametersQuery converts the parameters from GetParameters into the url.Values format
|
||||
func (g *GetTickerRequest) GetParametersQuery() (url.Values, error) {
|
||||
query := url.Values{}
|
||||
|
||||
params, err := g.GetParameters()
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
return query, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
for _k, _v := range params {
|
||||
if g.isVarSlice(_v) {
|
||||
g.iterateSlice(_v, func(it interface{}) {
|
||||
query.Add(_k+"[]", fmt.Sprintf("%v", it))
|
||||
})
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
query.Add(_k, fmt.Sprintf("%v", _v))
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return query, nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// GetParametersJSON converts the parameters from GetParameters into the JSON format
|
||||
func (g *GetTickerRequest) GetParametersJSON() ([]byte, error) {
|
||||
params, err := g.GetParameters()
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return json.Marshal(params)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// GetSlugParameters builds and checks the slug parameters and return the result in a map object
|
||||
func (g *GetTickerRequest) GetSlugParameters() (map[string]interface{}, error) {
|
||||
var params = map[string]interface{}{}
|
||||
|
||||
return params, nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func (g *GetTickerRequest) applySlugsToUrl(url string, slugs map[string]string) string {
|
||||
for _k, _v := range slugs {
|
||||
needleRE := regexp.MustCompile(":" + _k + "\\b")
|
||||
url = needleRE.ReplaceAllString(url, _v)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return url
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func (g *GetTickerRequest) iterateSlice(slice interface{}, _f func(it interface{})) {
|
||||
sliceValue := reflect.ValueOf(slice)
|
||||
for _i := 0; _i < sliceValue.Len(); _i++ {
|
||||
it := sliceValue.Index(_i).Interface()
|
||||
_f(it)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func (g *GetTickerRequest) isVarSlice(_v interface{}) bool {
|
||||
rt := reflect.TypeOf(_v)
|
||||
switch rt.Kind() {
|
||||
case reflect.Slice:
|
||||
return true
|
||||
}
|
||||
return false
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func (g *GetTickerRequest) GetSlugsMap() (map[string]string, error) {
|
||||
slugs := map[string]string{}
|
||||
params, err := g.GetSlugParameters()
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
return slugs, nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
for _k, _v := range params {
|
||||
slugs[_k] = fmt.Sprintf("%v", _v)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return slugs, nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// GetPath returns the request path of the API
|
||||
func (g *GetTickerRequest) GetPath() string {
|
||||
return "/api/v5/market/ticker"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Do generates the request object and send the request object to the API endpoint
|
||||
func (g *GetTickerRequest) Do(ctx context.Context) ([]MarketTicker, error) {
|
||||
|
||||
// no body params
|
||||
var params interface{}
|
||||
query, err := g.GetQueryParameters()
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
var apiURL string
|
||||
|
||||
apiURL = g.GetPath()
|
||||
|
||||
req, err := g.client.NewRequest(ctx, "GET", apiURL, query, params)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
response, err := g.client.SendRequest(req)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
var apiResponse APIResponse
|
||||
if err := response.DecodeJSON(&apiResponse); err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type responseValidator interface {
|
||||
Validate() error
|
||||
}
|
||||
validator, ok := interface{}(apiResponse).(responseValidator)
|
||||
if ok {
|
||||
if err := validator.Validate(); err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
var data []MarketTicker
|
||||
if err := json.Unmarshal(apiResponse.Data, &data); err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
return data, nil
|
||||
}
|
51
pkg/exchange/okex/okexapi/get_tickers_request.go
Normal file
51
pkg/exchange/okex/okexapi/get_tickers_request.go
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
|
|||
package okexapi
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"github.com/c9s/requestgen"
|
||||
|
||||
"github.com/c9s/bbgo/pkg/fixedpoint"
|
||||
"github.com/c9s/bbgo/pkg/types"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
//go:generate -command GetRequest requestgen -method GET -responseType .APIResponse -responseDataField Data
|
||||
//go:generate -command PostRequest requestgen -method POST -responseType .APIResponse -responseDataField Data
|
||||
|
||||
type MarketTicker struct {
|
||||
InstrumentType string `json:"instType"`
|
||||
InstrumentID string `json:"instId"`
|
||||
|
||||
// last traded price
|
||||
Last fixedpoint.Value `json:"last"`
|
||||
|
||||
// last traded size
|
||||
LastSize fixedpoint.Value `json:"lastSz"`
|
||||
|
||||
AskPrice fixedpoint.Value `json:"askPx"`
|
||||
AskSize fixedpoint.Value `json:"askSz"`
|
||||
|
||||
BidPrice fixedpoint.Value `json:"bidPx"`
|
||||
BidSize fixedpoint.Value `json:"bidSz"`
|
||||
|
||||
Open24H fixedpoint.Value `json:"open24h"`
|
||||
High24H fixedpoint.Value `json:"high24H"`
|
||||
Low24H fixedpoint.Value `json:"low24H"`
|
||||
Volume24H fixedpoint.Value `json:"vol24h"`
|
||||
VolumeCurrency24H fixedpoint.Value `json:"volCcy24h"`
|
||||
|
||||
// Millisecond timestamp
|
||||
Timestamp types.MillisecondTimestamp `json:"ts"`
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
//go:generate GetRequest -url "/api/v5/market/tickers" -type GetTickersRequest -responseDataType []MarketTicker
|
||||
type GetTickersRequest struct {
|
||||
client requestgen.APIClient
|
||||
|
||||
instType InstrumentType `param:"instType,query" validValues:"SPOT"`
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func (c *RestClient) NewGetTickersRequest() *GetTickersRequest {
|
||||
return &GetTickersRequest{
|
||||
client: c,
|
||||
instType: InstrumentTypeSpot,
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
181
pkg/exchange/okex/okexapi/get_tickers_request_requestgen.go
Normal file
181
pkg/exchange/okex/okexapi/get_tickers_request_requestgen.go
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
|
|||
// Code generated by "requestgen -method GET -responseType .APIResponse -responseDataField Data -url /api/v5/market/tickers -type GetTickersRequest -responseDataType []MarketTicker"; DO NOT EDIT.
|
||||
|
||||
package okexapi
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"context"
|
||||
"encoding/json"
|
||||
"fmt"
|
||||
"net/url"
|
||||
"reflect"
|
||||
"regexp"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
func (g *GetTickersRequest) InstType(instType InstrumentType) *GetTickersRequest {
|
||||
g.instType = instType
|
||||
return g
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// GetQueryParameters builds and checks the query parameters and returns url.Values
|
||||
func (g *GetTickersRequest) GetQueryParameters() (url.Values, error) {
|
||||
var params = map[string]interface{}{}
|
||||
// check instType field -> json key instType
|
||||
instType := g.instType
|
||||
|
||||
// TEMPLATE check-valid-values
|
||||
switch instType {
|
||||
case "SPOT":
|
||||
params["instType"] = instType
|
||||
|
||||
default:
|
||||
return nil, fmt.Errorf("instType value %v is invalid", instType)
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
// END TEMPLATE check-valid-values
|
||||
|
||||
// assign parameter of instType
|
||||
params["instType"] = instType
|
||||
|
||||
query := url.Values{}
|
||||
for _k, _v := range params {
|
||||
query.Add(_k, fmt.Sprintf("%v", _v))
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return query, nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// GetParameters builds and checks the parameters and return the result in a map object
|
||||
func (g *GetTickersRequest) GetParameters() (map[string]interface{}, error) {
|
||||
var params = map[string]interface{}{}
|
||||
|
||||
return params, nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// GetParametersQuery converts the parameters from GetParameters into the url.Values format
|
||||
func (g *GetTickersRequest) GetParametersQuery() (url.Values, error) {
|
||||
query := url.Values{}
|
||||
|
||||
params, err := g.GetParameters()
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
return query, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
for _k, _v := range params {
|
||||
if g.isVarSlice(_v) {
|
||||
g.iterateSlice(_v, func(it interface{}) {
|
||||
query.Add(_k+"[]", fmt.Sprintf("%v", it))
|
||||
})
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
query.Add(_k, fmt.Sprintf("%v", _v))
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return query, nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// GetParametersJSON converts the parameters from GetParameters into the JSON format
|
||||
func (g *GetTickersRequest) GetParametersJSON() ([]byte, error) {
|
||||
params, err := g.GetParameters()
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return json.Marshal(params)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// GetSlugParameters builds and checks the slug parameters and return the result in a map object
|
||||
func (g *GetTickersRequest) GetSlugParameters() (map[string]interface{}, error) {
|
||||
var params = map[string]interface{}{}
|
||||
|
||||
return params, nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func (g *GetTickersRequest) applySlugsToUrl(url string, slugs map[string]string) string {
|
||||
for _k, _v := range slugs {
|
||||
needleRE := regexp.MustCompile(":" + _k + "\\b")
|
||||
url = needleRE.ReplaceAllString(url, _v)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return url
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func (g *GetTickersRequest) iterateSlice(slice interface{}, _f func(it interface{})) {
|
||||
sliceValue := reflect.ValueOf(slice)
|
||||
for _i := 0; _i < sliceValue.Len(); _i++ {
|
||||
it := sliceValue.Index(_i).Interface()
|
||||
_f(it)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func (g *GetTickersRequest) isVarSlice(_v interface{}) bool {
|
||||
rt := reflect.TypeOf(_v)
|
||||
switch rt.Kind() {
|
||||
case reflect.Slice:
|
||||
return true
|
||||
}
|
||||
return false
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func (g *GetTickersRequest) GetSlugsMap() (map[string]string, error) {
|
||||
slugs := map[string]string{}
|
||||
params, err := g.GetSlugParameters()
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
return slugs, nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
for _k, _v := range params {
|
||||
slugs[_k] = fmt.Sprintf("%v", _v)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return slugs, nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// GetPath returns the request path of the API
|
||||
func (g *GetTickersRequest) GetPath() string {
|
||||
return "/api/v5/market/tickers"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Do generates the request object and send the request object to the API endpoint
|
||||
func (g *GetTickersRequest) Do(ctx context.Context) ([]MarketTicker, error) {
|
||||
|
||||
// no body params
|
||||
var params interface{}
|
||||
query, err := g.GetQueryParameters()
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
var apiURL string
|
||||
|
||||
apiURL = g.GetPath()
|
||||
|
||||
req, err := g.client.NewRequest(ctx, "GET", apiURL, query, params)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
response, err := g.client.SendRequest(req)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
var apiResponse APIResponse
|
||||
if err := response.DecodeJSON(&apiResponse); err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type responseValidator interface {
|
||||
Validate() error
|
||||
}
|
||||
validator, ok := interface{}(apiResponse).(responseValidator)
|
||||
if ok {
|
||||
if err := validator.Validate(); err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
var data []MarketTicker
|
||||
if err := json.Unmarshal(apiResponse.Data, &data); err != nil {
|
||||
return nil, err
|
||||
}
|
||||
return data, nil
|
||||
}
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user