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Merge branch 'develop' into pr/theluxaz/5710

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Matthias 2021-10-21 17:46:39 +02:00
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65
docs/advanced-setup.md
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@ -52,6 +52,71 @@ freqtrade trade -c MyConfigUSDT.json -s MyCustomStrategy --db-url sqlite:///user
For more information regarding usage of the sqlite databases, for example to manually enter or remove trades, please refer to the [SQL Cheatsheet](sql_cheatsheet.md).
### Multiple instances using docker
To run multiple instances of freqtrade using docker you will need to edit the docker-compose.yml file and add all the instances you want as separate services. Remember, you can separate your configuration into multiple files, so it's a good idea to think about making them modular, then if you need to edit something common to all bots, you can do that in a single config file.
``` yml
---
version: '3'
services:
freqtrade1:
image: freqtradeorg/freqtrade:stable
# image: freqtradeorg/freqtrade:develop
# Use plotting image
# image: freqtradeorg/freqtrade:develop_plot
# Build step - only needed when additional dependencies are needed
# build:
# context: .
# dockerfile: "./docker/Dockerfile.custom"
restart: always
container_name: freqtrade1
volumes:
- "./user_data:/freqtrade/user_data"
# Expose api on port 8080 (localhost only)
# Please read the https://www.freqtrade.io/en/latest/rest-api/ documentation
# before enabling this.
ports:
- "127.0.0.1:8080:8080"
# Default command used when running `docker compose up`
command: >
trade
--logfile /freqtrade/user_data/logs/freqtrade1.log
--db-url sqlite:////freqtrade/user_data/tradesv3_freqtrade1.sqlite
--config /freqtrade/user_data/config.json
--config /freqtrade/user_data/config.freqtrade1.json
--strategy SampleStrategy
freqtrade2:
image: freqtradeorg/freqtrade:stable
# image: freqtradeorg/freqtrade:develop
# Use plotting image
# image: freqtradeorg/freqtrade:develop_plot
# Build step - only needed when additional dependencies are needed
# build:
# context: .
# dockerfile: "./docker/Dockerfile.custom"
restart: always
container_name: freqtrade2
volumes:
- "./user_data:/freqtrade/user_data"
# Expose api on port 8080 (localhost only)
# Please read the https://www.freqtrade.io/en/latest/rest-api/ documentation
# before enabling this.
ports:
- "127.0.0.1:8081:8080"
# Default command used when running `docker compose up`
command: >
trade
--logfile /freqtrade/user_data/logs/freqtrade2.log
--db-url sqlite:////freqtrade/user_data/tradesv3_freqtrade2.sqlite
--config /freqtrade/user_data/config.json
--config /freqtrade/user_data/config.freqtrade2.json
--strategy SampleStrategy
```
You can use whatever naming convention you want, freqtrade1 and 2 are arbitrary. Note, that you will need to use different database files, port mappings and telegram configurations for each instance, as mentioned above.
## Configure the bot running as a systemd service
Copy the `freqtrade.service` file to your systemd user directory (usually `~/.config/systemd/user`) and update `WorkingDirectory` and `ExecStart` to match your setup.

33
docs/backtesting.md
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@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ usage: freqtrade backtesting [-h] [-v] [--logfile FILE] [-V] [-c PATH]
[--timeframe-detail TIMEFRAME_DETAIL]
[--strategy-list STRATEGY_LIST [STRATEGY_LIST ...]]
[--export {none,trades}] [--export-filename PATH]
[--breakdown {day,week,month} [{day,week,month} ...]]
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ optional arguments:
Specify what timerange of data to use.
--data-format-ohlcv {json,jsongz,hdf5}
Storage format for downloaded candle (OHLCV) data.
(default: `None`).
(default: `json`).
--max-open-trades INT
Override the value of the `max_open_trades`
configuration setting.
@ -65,8 +66,7 @@ optional arguments:
set either in config or via command line. When using
this together with `--export trades`, the strategy-
name is injected into the filename (so `backtest-
data.json` becomes `backtest-data-
SampleStrategy.json`
data.json` becomes `backtest-data-SampleStrategy.json`
--export {none,trades}
Export backtest results (default: trades).
--export-filename PATH
@ -74,6 +74,8 @@ optional arguments:
Requires `--export` to be set as well. Example:
`--export-filename=user_data/backtest_results/backtest
_today.json`
--breakdown {day,week,month} [{day,week,month} ...]
Show backtesting breakdown per [day, week, month].
Common arguments:
-v, --verbose Verbose mode (-vv for more, -vvv to get all messages).
@ -429,6 +431,31 @@ It contains some useful key metrics about performance of your strategy on backte
- `Drawdown Start` / `Drawdown End`: Start and end datetime for this largest drawdown (can also be visualized via the `plot-dataframe` sub-command).
- `Market change`: Change of the market during the backtest period. Calculated as average of all pairs changes from the first to the last candle using the "close" column.
### Daily / Weekly / Monthly breakdown
You can get an overview over daily / weekly or monthly results by using the `--breakdown <>` switch.
To visualize daily and weekly breakdowns, you can use the following:
``` bash
freqtrade backtesting --strategy MyAwesomeStrategy --breakdown day month
```
``` output
======================== DAY BREAKDOWN =========================
| Day | Tot Profit USDT | Wins | Draws | Losses |
|------------+-------------------+--------+---------+----------|
| 03/07/2021 | 200.0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| 04/07/2021 | -50.31 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 05/07/2021 | 220.611 | 3 | 2 | 0 |
| 06/07/2021 | 150.974 | 3 | 0 | 2 |
| 07/07/2021 | -70.193 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 08/07/2021 | 212.413 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
```
The output will show a table containing the realized absolute Profit (in stake currency) for the given timeperiod, as well as wins, draws and losses that materialized (closed) on this day.
### Further backtest-result analysis
To further analyze your backtest results, you can [export the trades](#exporting-trades-to-file).

2
docs/includes/pairlists.md
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@ -52,6 +52,8 @@ To skip pair validation against active markets, set `"allow_inactive": true` wit
This can be useful for backtesting expired pairs (like quarterly spot-markets).
This option must be configured along with `exchange.skip_pair_validation` in the exchange configuration.
When used in a "follow-up" position (e.g. after VolumePairlist), all pairs in `'pair_whitelist'` will be added to the end of the pairlist.
#### Volume Pair List
`VolumePairList` employs sorting/filtering of pairs by their trading volume. It selects `number_assets` top pairs with sorting based on the `sort_key` (which can only be `quoteVolume`).

5
docs/utils.md
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@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ bitmax True missing opt: fetchMyTrades
bitmex False Various reasons.
bitpanda True
bitso False missing: fetchOHLCV
bitstamp False Does not provide history. Details in https://github.com/freqtrade/freqtrade/issues/1983
bitstamp True missing opt: fetchTickers
bitstamp1 False missing: fetchOrder, fetchOHLCV
bittrex True
bitvavo True
@ -667,6 +667,7 @@ usage: freqtrade hyperopt-show [-h] [-v] [--logfile FILE] [-V] [-c PATH]
[--profitable] [-n INT] [--print-json]
[--hyperopt-filename FILENAME] [--no-header]
[--disable-param-export]
[--breakdown {day,week,month} [{day,week,month} ...]]
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
@ -680,6 +681,8 @@ optional arguments:
--no-header Do not print epoch details header.
--disable-param-export
Disable automatic hyperopt parameter export.
--breakdown {day,week,month} [{day,week,month} ...]
Show backtesting breakdown per [day, week, month].
Common arguments:
-v, --verbose Verbose mode (-vv for more, -vvv to get all messages).

5
freqtrade/commands/arguments.py
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@ -23,7 +23,8 @@ ARGS_COMMON_OPTIMIZE = ["timeframe", "timerange", "dataformat_ohlcv",
ARGS_BACKTEST = ARGS_COMMON_OPTIMIZE + ["position_stacking", "use_max_market_positions",
"enable_protections", "dry_run_wallet", "timeframe_detail",
"strategy_list", "export", "exportfilename"]
"strategy_list", "export", "exportfilename",
"backtest_breakdown"]
ARGS_HYPEROPT = ARGS_COMMON_OPTIMIZE + ["hyperopt", "hyperopt_path",
"position_stacking", "use_max_market_positions",
@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ ARGS_HYPEROPT_LIST = ["hyperopt_list_best", "hyperopt_list_profitable",
ARGS_HYPEROPT_SHOW = ["hyperopt_list_best", "hyperopt_list_profitable", "hyperopt_show_index",
"print_json", "hyperoptexportfilename", "hyperopt_show_no_header",
"disableparamexport"]
"disableparamexport", "backtest_breakdown"]
NO_CONF_REQURIED = ["convert-data", "convert-trade-data", "download-data", "list-timeframes",
"list-markets", "list-pairs", "list-strategies", "list-data",

6
freqtrade/commands/cli_options.py
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@ -193,6 +193,12 @@ AVAILABLE_CLI_OPTIONS = {
type=float,
metavar='FLOAT',
),
"backtest_breakdown": Arg(
'--breakdown',
help='Show backtesting breakdown per [day, week, month].',
nargs='+',
choices=constants.BACKTEST_BREAKDOWNS
),
# Edge
"stoploss_range": Arg(
'--stoplosses',

2
freqtrade/commands/hyperopt_commands.py
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@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ def start_hyperopt_show(args: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
if 'strategy_name' in metrics:
strategy_name = metrics['strategy_name']
show_backtest_result(strategy_name, metrics,
metrics['stake_currency'])
metrics['stake_currency'], config.get('backtest_breakdown', []))
HyperoptTools.try_export_params(config, strategy_name, val)

4
freqtrade/configuration/configuration.py
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@ -269,8 +269,12 @@ class Configuration:
self._args_to_config(config, argname='export',
logstring='Parameter --export detected: {} ...')
self._args_to_config(config, argname='backtest_breakdown',
logstring='Parameter --breakdown detected ...')
self._args_to_config(config, argname='disableparamexport',
logstring='Parameter --disableparamexport detected: {} ...')
# Edge section:
if 'stoploss_range' in self.args and self.args["stoploss_range"]:
txt_range = eval(self.args["stoploss_range"])

5
freqtrade/constants.py
View File

@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ AVAILABLE_PAIRLISTS = ['StaticPairList', 'VolumePairList',
'ShuffleFilter', 'SpreadFilter', 'VolatilityFilter']
AVAILABLE_PROTECTIONS = ['CooldownPeriod', 'LowProfitPairs', 'MaxDrawdown', 'StoplossGuard']
AVAILABLE_DATAHANDLERS = ['json', 'jsongz', 'hdf5']
BACKTEST_BREAKDOWNS = ['day', 'week', 'month']
DRY_RUN_WALLET = 1000
DATETIME_PRINT_FORMAT = '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'
MATH_CLOSE_PREC = 1e-14 # Precision used for float comparisons
@ -146,6 +147,10 @@ CONF_SCHEMA = {
'sell_profit_offset': {'type': 'number'},
'ignore_roi_if_buy_signal': {'type': 'boolean'},
'ignore_buying_expired_candle_after': {'type': 'number'},
'backtest_breakdown': {
'type': 'array',
'items': {'type': 'string', 'enum': BACKTEST_BREAKDOWNS}
},
'bot_name': {'type': 'string'},
'unfilledtimeout': {
'type': 'object',

2
freqtrade/exchange/common.py
View File

@ -16,8 +16,6 @@ API_FETCH_ORDER_RETRY_COUNT = 5
BAD_EXCHANGES = {
"bitmex": "Various reasons.",
"bitstamp": "Does not provide history. "
"Details in https://github.com/freqtrade/freqtrade/issues/1983",
"phemex": "Does not provide history. ",
"poloniex": "Does not provide fetch_order endpoint to fetch both open and closed orders.",
}

2
freqtrade/optimize/hyperopt.py
View File

@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ progressbar.streams.wrap_stdout()
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
INITIAL_POINTS = 5
INITIAL_POINTS = 30
# Keep no more than SKOPT_MODEL_QUEUE_SIZE models
# in the skopt model queue, to optimize memory consumption

87
freqtrade/optimize/optimize_reports.py
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from pathlib import Path
from typing import Any, Dict, List, Union
from numpy import int64
from pandas import DataFrame
from pandas import DataFrame, to_datetime
from tabulate import tabulate
from freqtrade.constants import DATETIME_PRINT_FORMAT, LAST_BT_RESULT_FN, UNLIMITED_STAKE_AMOUNT
@ -263,7 +263,6 @@ def generate_strategy_comparison(all_results: Dict) -> List[Dict]:
def generate_edge_table(results: dict) -> str:
floatfmt = ('s', '.10g', '.2f', '.2f', '.2f', '.2f', 'd', 'd', 'd')
tabular_data = []
headers = ['Pair', 'Stoploss', 'Win Rate', 'Risk Reward Ratio',
@ -288,6 +287,41 @@ def generate_edge_table(results: dict) -> str:
floatfmt=floatfmt, tablefmt="orgtbl", stralign="right") # type: ignore
def _get_resample_from_period(period: str) -> str:
if period == 'day':
return '1d'
if period == 'week':
return '1w'
if period == 'month':
return '1M'
raise ValueError(f"Period {period} is not supported.")
def generate_periodic_breakdown_stats(trade_list: List, period: str) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
results = DataFrame.from_records(trade_list)
if len(results) == 0:
return []
results['close_date'] = to_datetime(results['close_date'], utc=True)
resample_period = _get_resample_from_period(period)
resampled = results.resample(resample_period, on='close_date')
stats = []
for name, day in resampled:
profit_abs = day['profit_abs'].sum().round(10)
wins = sum(day['profit_abs'] > 0)
draws = sum(day['profit_abs'] == 0)
loses = sum(day['profit_abs'] < 0)
stats.append(
{
'date': name.strftime('%d/%m/%Y'),
'profit_abs': profit_abs,
'wins': wins,
'draws': draws,
'loses': loses
}
)
return stats
def generate_trading_stats(results: DataFrame) -> Dict[str, Any]:
""" Generate overall trade statistics """
if len(results) == 0:
@ -407,7 +441,7 @@ def generate_strategy_stats(btdata: Dict[str, DataFrame],
results['open_timestamp'] = results['open_date'].view(int64) // 1e6
results['close_timestamp'] = results['close_date'].view(int64) // 1e6
backtest_days = (max_date - min_date).days
backtest_days = (max_date - min_date).days or 1
strat_stats = {
'trades': results.to_dict(orient='records'),
'locks': [lock.to_json() for lock in content['locks']],
@ -417,6 +451,8 @@ def generate_strategy_stats(btdata: Dict[str, DataFrame],
'results_per_buy_tag': buy_tag_results,
'sell_reason_summary': sell_reason_stats,
'left_open_trades': left_open_results,
# 'days_breakdown_stats': days_breakdown_stats,
'total_trades': len(results),
'total_volume': float(results['stake_amount'].sum()),
'avg_stake_amount': results['stake_amount'].mean() if len(results) > 0 else 0,
@ -433,7 +469,7 @@ def generate_strategy_stats(btdata: Dict[str, DataFrame],
'backtest_run_start_ts': content['backtest_start_time'],
'backtest_run_end_ts': content['backtest_end_time'],
'trades_per_day': round(len(results) / backtest_days, 2) if backtest_days > 0 else 0,
'trades_per_day': round(len(results) / backtest_days, 2),
'market_change': market_change,
'pairlist': list(btdata.keys()),
'stake_amount': config['stake_amount'],
@ -616,6 +652,28 @@ def text_table_tags(tag_type: str, tag_results: List[Dict[str, Any]], stake_curr
floatfmt=floatfmt, tablefmt="orgtbl", stralign="right")
def text_table_periodic_breakdown(days_breakdown_stats: List[Dict[str, Any]],
stake_currency: str, period: str) -> str:
"""
Generate small table with Backtest results by days
:param days_breakdown_stats: Days breakdown metrics
:param stake_currency: Stakecurrency used
:return: pretty printed table with tabulate as string
"""
headers = [
period.capitalize(),
f'Tot Profit {stake_currency}',
'Wins',
'Draws',
'Losses',
]
output = [[
d['date'], round_coin_value(d['profit_abs'], stake_currency, False),
d['wins'], d['draws'], d['loses'],
] for d in days_breakdown_stats]
return tabulate(output, headers=headers, tablefmt="orgtbl", stralign="right")
def text_table_strategy(strategy_results, stake_currency: str) -> str:
"""
Generate summary table per strategy
@ -667,7 +725,10 @@ def text_table_add_metrics(strat_results: Dict) -> str:
strat_results['stake_currency'])),
('Absolute profit ', round_coin_value(strat_results['profit_total_abs'],
strat_results['stake_currency'])),
('Total profit %', f"{round(strat_results['profit_total'] * 100, 2):}%"),
('Total profit %', f"{round(strat_results['profit_total'] * 100, 2)}%"),
('Trades per day', strat_results['trades_per_day']),
('Avg. daily profit %',
f"{round(strat_results['profit_total'] / strat_results['backtest_days'] * 100, 2)}%"),
('Avg. stake amount', round_coin_value(strat_results['avg_stake_amount'],
strat_results['stake_currency'])),
('Total trade volume', round_coin_value(strat_results['total_volume'],
@ -724,7 +785,8 @@ def text_table_add_metrics(strat_results: Dict) -> str:
return message
def show_backtest_result(strategy: str, results: Dict[str, Any], stake_currency: str):
def show_backtest_result(strategy: str, results: Dict[str, Any], stake_currency: str,
backtest_breakdown=[]):
"""
Print results for one strategy
"""
@ -756,6 +818,15 @@ def show_backtest_result(strategy: str, results: Dict[str, Any], stake_currency:
print(' LEFT OPEN TRADES REPORT '.center(len(table.splitlines()[0]), '='))
print(table)
for period in backtest_breakdown:
days_breakdown_stats = generate_periodic_breakdown_stats(
trade_list=results['trades'], period=period)
table = text_table_periodic_breakdown(days_breakdown_stats=days_breakdown_stats,
stake_currency=stake_currency, period=period)
if isinstance(table, str) and len(table) > 0:
print(f' {period.upper()} BREAKDOWN '.center(len(table.splitlines()[0]), '='))
print(table)
table = text_table_add_metrics(results)
if isinstance(table, str) and len(table) > 0:
print(' SUMMARY METRICS '.center(len(table.splitlines()[0]), '='))
@ -771,7 +842,9 @@ def show_backtest_results(config: Dict, backtest_stats: Dict):
stake_currency = config['stake_currency']
for strategy, results in backtest_stats['strategy'].items():
show_backtest_result(strategy, results, stake_currency)
show_backtest_result(
strategy, results, stake_currency,
config.get('backtest_breakdown', []))
if len(backtest_stats['strategy']) > 1:
# Print Strategy summary table

12
freqtrade/plugins/pairlist/StaticPairList.py
View File

@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ Static Pair List provider
Provides pair white list as it configured in config
"""
import logging
from copy import deepcopy
from typing import Any, Dict, List
from freqtrade.exceptions import OperationalException
from freqtrade.plugins.pairlist.IPairList import IPairList
@ -20,10 +20,6 @@ class StaticPairList(IPairList):
pairlist_pos: int) -> None:
super().__init__(exchange, pairlistmanager, config, pairlistconfig, pairlist_pos)
if self._pairlist_pos != 0:
raise OperationalException(f"{self.name} can only be used in the first position "
"in the list of Pairlist Handlers.")
self._allow_inactive = self._pairlistconfig.get('allow_inactive', False)
@property
@ -64,4 +60,8 @@ class StaticPairList(IPairList):
:param tickers: Tickers (from exchange.get_tickers()). May be cached.
:return: new whitelist
"""
return pairlist
pairlist_ = deepcopy(pairlist)
for pair in self._config['exchange']['pair_whitelist']:
if pair not in pairlist_:
pairlist_.append(pair)
return pairlist_

2
tests/optimize/test_backtesting.py
View File

@ -1104,6 +1104,7 @@ def test_backtest_start_multi_strat_nomock(default_conf, mocker, caplog, testdat
'--timerange', '1510694220-1510700340',
'--enable-position-stacking',
'--disable-max-market-positions',
'--breakdown', 'day',
'--strategy-list',
'StrategyTestV2',
'TestStrategyLegacyV1',
@ -1132,6 +1133,7 @@ def test_backtest_start_multi_strat_nomock(default_conf, mocker, caplog, testdat
captured = capsys.readouterr()
assert 'BACKTESTING REPORT' in captured.out
assert 'SELL REASON STATS' in captured.out
assert 'DAY BREAKDOWN' in captured.out
assert 'LEFT OPEN TRADES REPORT' in captured.out
assert '2017-11-14 21:17:00 -> 2017-11-14 22:58:00 | Max open trades : 1' in captured.out
assert 'STRATEGY SUMMARY' in captured.out

34
tests/optimize/test_optimize_reports.py
View File

@ -13,8 +13,10 @@ from freqtrade.data import history
from freqtrade.data.btanalysis import get_latest_backtest_filename, load_backtest_data
from freqtrade.edge import PairInfo
from freqtrade.enums import SellType
from freqtrade.optimize.optimize_reports import (generate_backtest_stats, generate_daily_stats,
generate_edge_table, generate_pair_metrics,
from freqtrade.optimize.optimize_reports import (_get_resample_from_period, generate_backtest_stats,
generate_daily_stats, generate_edge_table,
generate_pair_metrics,
generate_periodic_breakdown_stats,
generate_sell_reason_stats,
generate_strategy_comparison,
generate_trading_stats, store_backtest_stats,
@ -377,3 +379,31 @@ def test_generate_edge_table():
assert generate_edge_table(results).count('| ETH/BTC |') == 1
assert generate_edge_table(results).count(
'| Risk Reward Ratio | Required Risk Reward | Expectancy |') == 1
def test_generate_periodic_breakdown_stats(testdatadir):
filename = testdatadir / "backtest-result_new.json"
bt_data = load_backtest_data(filename).to_dict(orient='records')
res = generate_periodic_breakdown_stats(bt_data, 'day')
assert isinstance(res, list)
assert len(res) == 21
day = res[0]
assert 'date' in day
assert 'draws' in day
assert 'loses' in day
assert 'wins' in day
assert 'profit_abs' in day
# Select empty dataframe!
res = generate_periodic_breakdown_stats([], 'day')
assert res == []
def test__get_resample_from_period():
assert _get_resample_from_period('day') == '1d'
assert _get_resample_from_period('week') == '1w'
assert _get_resample_from_period('month') == '1M'
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=r"Period noooo is not supported."):
_get_resample_from_period('noooo')

13
tests/plugins/test_pairlist.py
View File

@ -415,10 +415,10 @@ def test_VolumePairList_refresh_empty(mocker, markets_empty, whitelist_conf):
# SpreadFilter only
([{"method": "SpreadFilter", "max_spread_ratio": 0.005}],
"BTC", 'filter_at_the_beginning'), # OperationalException expected
# Static Pairlist after VolumePairList, on a non-first position
([{"method": "VolumePairList", "number_assets": 5, "sort_key": "quoteVolume"},
# Static Pairlist after VolumePairList, on a non-first position (appends pairs)
([{"method": "VolumePairList", "number_assets": 2, "sort_key": "quoteVolume"},
{"method": "StaticPairList"}],
"BTC", 'static_in_the_middle'),
"BTC", ['ETH/BTC', 'TKN/BTC', 'TRST/BTC', 'SWT/BTC', 'BCC/BTC', 'HOT/BTC']),
([{"method": "VolumePairList", "number_assets": 20, "sort_key": "quoteVolume"},
{"method": "PriceFilter", "low_price_ratio": 0.02}],
"USDT", ['ETH/USDT', 'NANO/USDT']),
@ -469,13 +469,6 @@ def test_VolumePairList_whitelist_gen(mocker, whitelist_conf, shitcoinmarkets, t
mocker.patch('freqtrade.exchange.Exchange.exchange_has', MagicMock(return_value=True))
if whitelist_result == 'static_in_the_middle':
with pytest.raises(OperationalException,
match=r"StaticPairList can only be used in the first position "
r"in the list of Pairlist Handlers."):
freqtrade = get_patched_freqtradebot(mocker, whitelist_conf)
return
freqtrade = get_patched_freqtradebot(mocker, whitelist_conf)
mocker.patch.multiple('freqtrade.exchange.Exchange',
get_tickers=tickers,